Supposedly, if it is pure nicotine there are no carcinogens so despite speculation concerning the possibility of carcinogens being produced by vaporizing
e-liquid due to impurities, flavoring or other additives most people conclude that at least the majority of the carcinogens found in
tobacco products are probably not present.
For extracting nicotine from tobacco, again see:
Sciencemadness Discussion Board
AND for cheep bulk tobacco:
http://tobaccotalk.itgo.com
A couple of ideas. Consider getting a nylon fine mesh straining bag at a brew shop. I actually have a beekeeper's screen here which has worked just as well for home brewing. Pour the liquid and powdered tobacco that you've been brewing into the straining bag and squeeze as much of the juice out of it as you can. As I recall, what I did was to suspend the straining bag over the stockpot and after the initial straining I poured a volume of boiling water over the filtrate, stirring the leaf particles to expose the maximum surface area to the leaching process, before squeezing out as much of the liquid as I could and then filtering and condensing. I highly recommend brewing and condensing it outdoors over a hot plate because the evaporating steam will stain your walls if I am not mistaken. Also, you should use a stainless steel or enameled pot, not aluminum which is reactive. You might try progressively filtering the remaining liquid with steel wool or cotton balls in a plastic funnel and finally filter paper... a hand pumped or powered filter process would probably work best but I think a gravity filtration is plausible and I believe this is what I endeavored, with ordinary filter paper. Most of the gunk forms a sediment and since the majority of the nicotine is in solution it may be just as good an idea to let it settle and dump the last fraction. But be aware: "[Nicotine] is miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and fatty oils, the solutions being strongly alkaline. Nicotine is heavier than water, and forms salts with acids, which do not easily crystallize."
I'm not even sure of how necessary it is to get it very clean if you're going to extract with ether. While it would be most appropriate to follow some of the methodologies discussed in the first link (above) for purified yields, various forms of relatively purified extracts can be produced by a variety of more simplified methods. I'll quote from here:
http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/diy-e-liquid/1687-isopropyl-alcohol-tobacco-extraction.html
"Extraction with volatile solvents
so im soak 50g of cherry pipe tobacco chop into powder in 500ml of water for 24 hours then filter and put 25ml of DIETHYLETHER, shake sometimes for another 24 hours then gently separate the upper layer, evaporate the DIETHYLETHER and get around 500mg yellow substance witch have identical smell and after mixing with 50ml of VG identical taste of the cherry tobacco when u smoke it..."
Any chemists want to comment on what this is going to produce if not employing an acid/base extraction method? Again, it has been suggested that this can be accomplished by simply adding drops of battery acid (dilute sulfuric acid) during the water extraction and then basifying with ordinary powdered lime before washing with ether.
[From: Black Leaf 40, an environmentally safe and biodegradable agricultural insecticide used around the world, is 40 percent nicotine sulfate. Farmers have been using nicotine sulfate insecticide since the early 1800s. To make it, all you do is boil tobacco leaves in water with a little sulfuric acid (the same acid as in a car battery). If you mix the resultant nicotine sulfate extract with a common alkali such as lime, then add a solvent such as ether, pure nicotine alkaloid - or free-base "crack" nicotine - will float to the top dissolved in the solvent.]
I honestly don't think any extract that isn't washed with a solvent is going to produce anything you want near your vaporizer because of all the tar.
TB, wondering if your attempt at refluxing wouldn't benefit from a more elaborate setup. There is a description of a refluxing and soxhleting extractor made from pots and pans around here somewhere.
If you're boiling solvents you need to do the whole thing in a water bath so you have a tub with wooden spacers that the contraption sits in. Also because of the plastic bag you're going to need to use this double boiler method to avoid melting the plastic unless you can think of something better. The contraption is a large stew pot (steam canner) with the lid inverted as you've suggested, but it is covered in a piece of plastic garbage bag and secured with rubber bands to keep the vapor in and the ice cubes are piled on top of that. Your tobacco and solvent or water is not put directly in the stew pot because the condensing surface area (the ice cooled lid) must be larger than the surface area of the boiling solution which is instead contained in a stainless steel pot set in the bottom of the stew pot. Variations include placing a metal strainer over the stew pot containing the previously refluxed soaked material and "soxhleting" to perform a thorough extraction, and in the case of extraction with solvents a collecting pan is placed in the metal strainer to recollect the solvent and to separate it from the collected oils.
While this might be a particularly efficient method, I personally don't see where this would be a particularly desirable method of extraction in that it is so elaborate. A simple water based infusion extraction used as the starting point should yield sufficient results if done correctly.
When I attempted this I did not proceed past the ether extraction step but this is what I observed: The nicotine becomes suspended in the fatty ether/emulsion layer and through repeated agitation over a 24 hour period is gradually eluted by the petroleum ether. When allowed to sit, what appears to be liquid nicotine occurs as a clear or yellowish oily layer suspended above the clear ether. Because of the relatively small volume of the final yield, actually working with larger quantities may be easier than smaller ones. In my case I believe I had started with at least 16 ounces of tobacco. Depending on the volumes worked with, this layer of liquid nicotine may be somewhat thin, but by tipping the bottle at an angle a deeper pool was observed against the side of the jug. One should be able to siphon this off using a pipette and evaporate any remaining ether from that. Finally, one would want to recapture and recycle the remaining ether. Here's another method of separating the ether/oil layer from the ether/emulsion layer and the water, tar and resins that are not soluble in petroleum ether (if you don't have a separatory funnel). Use a cork and simply tip the bottle upside down and extract the cork just enough to capture the water and emulsion layers as they flow into a collecting pot, quickly reinserting the cork so you don't lose much of the ether... (of course you're wearing rubber gloves). Or you can use a rubber stopper with two holes and glass tubes in the top of a gallon jug. One glass tube penetrates just to the bottom of the ether layer and the other just enters into the atmosphere of the bottle and rubber tubing is inserted over the two glass tubes that protrude from the stopper. Blowing into the short tube will cause the ether solution to flow through the other tube and into a collecting jar, so it's just like siphoning gas without a mouthful of something potentially lethal.
Here's some interesting clarification:
From:
The Smoker's Club, Inc. Encyclopedia 16
"Nicotine" is a chemical component of many related compounds, such as nicotine citrate, nicotine sulfate, nicotine malate, nicotine oxide (cotinine) and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3, niacin). Pure, free base, nicotine is a deadly poison, an addictive drug and also a good explosive.
Freebase nicotine is highly poisonous and is sometimes used as an insecticide. It makes a good insecticide because it only lasts about half an hour in the environment, being so unstable in the presence of air. In very small amounts, freebase nicotine can be injected into a person's bloodstream and has an effect almost identical to ........
When you burn tobacco, you don't get any freebase nicotine. What you get is an assortment of harmless, stable chemicals that result from the oxidation of nicotine. Visit a drug store and read the ingredients of "nicotine" gum, lozenges and patches. You will find that most of them contain no nicotine, but rather nicotine sulfate or nicotine oxide, or even good old vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid)."
Also: Cotinine is the primary nicotine based chemical absorbed when smoking a cigarette there is no actual nicotine as it boils off when the tobacco burns. Cotinine is produced when the tobacco is heated as nicotine has a much lower boiling point than water you will produce plenty of that when making the tea.
Nicotine is water soluble (miscible) and has a boiling point of 247* C - much higher than water. Therefore, you should be able to steep tobacco in water, strain out the plant matter, and boil most of the water off the tea. This should leave you with a crude nicotine extract, along with a few other things.
See:
How to Grow Tobacco ::
"Here are the 2 most commonly used nicotine extraction methods although neither is safe to do outside of a laboratory environment & neither gives you the required forms of nicotine. You would still have to convert it to nicotine polacrilex or cotinine."
While I'm no expert, I'm guessing that a simple aqueous extract of nicotine solution that was extracted in ether as Izx appears to have done with his cherry pipe tobacco should produce a product that, while impure, is still smokable, flavorful and satisfying.
I would start with some known premises regarding the ratios of the final mixture by estimating maximum potential yields of any nicotine. Thus, 50 grams of tobacco is equal to about 4 packs of cigarettes or an estimable maximum 80 milligrams of potential nicotine yield. Combine the product with the other ingredients in the indicated proportions to produce a total fluid volume with the desired strength per milliliter (if feasible). So much for theoretical considerations. From a practical viewpoint: if Blackleaf 40 is given as 40% nicotine (and we assume we have produced a comparable solution with the concentrated aqueous infusion) then further refinement with a solvent extraction should yield a product with a very high percentage of nicotine content. If we yielded 500 milligrams of the resulting compound as Izx has reported, then this would reasonably become a component of a total volume of 20 milliliters of vaporizing liquid with a target potency of approximately 25 mg/ml of nicotine. The actual truth may lie somewhere in between these estimates and the results Izx obtained may be subject to various interpretations.
Also see:
Tabacum (U. S. P.)?Tobacco. | Henriette's Herbal Homepage
Nicotine may be obtained by adding to a concentrated tobacco extract, solution of caustic soda or lime, distilling with steam, extracting the distillate with ether, and carefully evaporating the solvent. (For another method, that of Schloesing, see this Dispensatory, preceding edition.) R. Kissling (Fresenius' Zeitschrift f. Analyt. Chem., 1882, pp. 64-90) assays tobacco by agitating 20 grammes, in powder form, with alcoholic caustic soda, exhausting the mixture with ether, carefully distilling off the greater part of the solvent, adding diluted caustic soda to the residue, distilling off the nicotine with steam, and titrating each 100 Cc. of the distillate with volumetric sulphuric acid solution, using rosolic acid for indicator. (For other methods, see Archiv der Pharm., 1893, p. 658; and Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. Proc., 1899, p. 32.)
