there are 2 types of shorts... short of power... and short to ground.
so when we have any circuit there are 5 things that make up that circuit.
Source wall socket, battery "power source"
conductor: copper wire something that will carry the electricity
circuit protection: fuse or breaker something that will blow and cut the circuit if there is a problem
load: light bulb, heating coil something that uses up the electricity
control device: a switch, a sensor something that will control when the circuit is active.
everything after the load is considered the ground side of the circuit
so a short of power means you have electrically flowing back to to the power side before or after it reaches the load. this causes things to get hot and catch on fire and melt
short to ground means the power never made it to the load and went straight to ground, your light bulb will not light your coil will not get hot. but nothing happens other than that.
if you have a fuse or breaker it may blow or flip in the event of a short of any kind. but fuses and breakers do not work %100 of the time.. you see "redundant circuit protection" (more than one) for this reason
people call an "open" (meaning an incomplete circuit) a short all the time... but this is really called an Open.