What do you mean by die? Die as run out of charge? Or die as in break permanently?
If a passthrough with an inline battery is plugged into power, it will charge the battery while your are vaping it. If you vape faster than it charges then you will run out of power. And if it is not charged at all, I don't think you can vape it. These PTs can usually use a normal 5v 500mA AC to USB (or a PC USB but I recommend an AC adapter). And like all batteries, the battery can die, especially if strained with extreme LR or if it has been recharged more than 150-200 times. And some find these batteries a bit more fragile than normal batteries.
A passthrough with no inline battery is usually 5v and needs a special 5v 2000-3000mA (2-3amp) output AC to USB. It may kill a computer USB or normal 500mA AC to USB. other than that, it's just wire - it can break but it can't run out of power if plugged in.