These are covered to an extent in this thread in the library about mods -
http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/fo...5-wonderful-world-mods-illustrated-guide.html There's certainly more info out there though. This link is also good if you want to learn about batteries in general -
Battery information from Battery University This is also a good thread -
http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/battery-issues/8852-li-ion-batteries-truth.html
E-cigs generally use lithium ion batteries, which have a nominal voltage of 3.7v. Some 3v batteries are also available, and when two 3v batteries are run in series (stacked), this results in 6v.
Where you have a size like 14500, 14650, 18650 etc. what this is referring to is the dimension of the battery. Take a 14500, this is physically the same size as a AA battery (but note we do not use AA batteries generally, they are too low voltage). The first two digits, 14, refers to the diameter in millimetres. The second part, 500 refers to the length in mm. Therefore a 14500 battery should be 14mm diameter x 50.0mm long.
CR2 and CR123 are standard battery sizes like AA. They are lithium batteries commonly used in cameras, and they are 3v batteries. A 3.7v battery that was the same size as a CR123 would normally not be called a CR123, it would be a 16340.
mah = milliamp hours. It does indeed describe how much charge the battery holds. A 2000 mah battery can in theory support a continuous 2000 milliamp (or 2 amp) load for 1 hour before it's drained. Or a 1 amp load for 2 hours. The higher the mah, the longer the battery lasts between charges. Something to note though is that some battery manufacturers are very optimistic in their mah ratings..