I keep hearing that it’s really unsafe to discharge batts too much and to charge them for too long. What are the ways I can be safe? How do you know if you’re overcharging or discharging too much?
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Over Discharging a Battery isn't so much a User Safety Issue. As it is a Performance/Lifespan issue for the Battery Itself.
But as AngeNZ mentioned, just about Every Regulated Mod has a Low Voltage Cut-Off that will kick in before seriously Degrade your Battery(s) occurs.
And People who use a Mech Mod will most Likely swap to a New Battery Long Before the battery reaches 3.0 or so volts because the Hit they will be getting will become Very Weak.
So Over Discharge Isn't usually a Big Issue.
Over Charging a Battery? That can be a Big Problem. Follow by Smoke and possibly Flames. But Decent Name-Brand Stand-Alone Charges have Over Charging Protection(s). So Unless something has gone Seriously Wrong (which is Very Rare) it isn't something to be overly Worried about.
As long as you Batteries are coming off your Chargers at 4.2 Volts, or slightly less, the Charger is doing what it should.
So for the User, about all one needs to do is make sure that the Battery Voltage isn't drained below 3.2 Volts or so. And they come off the Charger at 4.2 Volts.
That and Buy Batteries form Reputable Sellers. And Don't Exceed the Battery's Constant Discharge Rating (CDR) in the Mod you are using. And make sure you have Verified the a Batteries Stated CDR is something that Jives with Tested CDR from someone like Mooch.
For Better overall Lifespan, I like to Swap Out the Battery in my Regulated Mods when it reaches 3.6 Volts of so. Which for Most of my Mods, is around 1/4 left on the Battery Gauge. But If for some reason I run it Lower, it's not a Big Deal. I just Don't do it All the Time.