http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822398_1
many key points countered in this article..use in teens...second hand vap..effects of nicotine...
many key points countered in this article..use in teens...second hand vap..effects of nicotine...
Nicotine a good guy..study addressees negative press
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Registering on the site kind of ...... me off.
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Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: A Systematic Review
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a recent development in tobacco harm reduction. They are marketed as less harmful alternatives to smoking. Awareness and use of these devices has grown exponentially in recent years, with millions of people currently using them. This systematic review appraises existing laboratory and clinical research on the potential risks from electronic cigarette use, compared with the well-established devastating effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes. Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes. Research will help make electronic cigarettes more effective as smoking substitutes and will better define and further reduce residual risks from use to as low as possible, by establishing appropriate quality control and standards.
Introduction
Complete tobacco cessation is the best outcome for smokers. However, the powerful addictive properties of nicotine and the ritualistic behavior of smoking create a huge hurdle, even for those with a strong desire to quit. Until recently, smokers were left with just two alternatives: either quit or suffer the harmful consequences of continued smoking. This gloomy scenario has allowed the smoking pandemic to escalate, with nearly 6 million deaths annually and a predicted death toll of 1 billion within the 21st century [World Health Organization, 2013]. But a third choice, involving the use of alternative and much safer sources of nicotine with the goal to reduce smoking-related diseases is now available: tobacco harm reduction (THR) [Rodu and Godshall, 2006].
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are the newest and most promising products for THR [Polosa et al. 2013b]. They are electrically-driven devices consisting of the battery part (usually a lithium battery), and an atomizer where liquid is stored and is aerosolized by applying energy and generating heat to a resistance encircling a wick. The liquid used mainly consists of propylene glycol, glycerol, distilled water, flavorings (that may or may not be approved for food use) and nicotine. Consumers (commonly called 'vapers') may choose from several nicotine strengths, including non-nicotine liquids, and a countless list of flavors; this assortment is a characteristic feature that distinguishes ECs from any other THR products. Since their invention in 2003, there has been constant innovation and development of more efficient and appealing products. Currently, there are mainly three types of devices available [Dawkins, 2013], depicted in Figure 1. (1) First-generation devices, generally mimicking the size and look of regular cigarettes and consisting of small lithium batteries and cartomizers (i.e. cartridges, which are usually prefilled with a liquid that bathes the atomizer). batteries may be disposable (to be used once only) or rechargeable. (2) Second-generation devices, consisting mainly of higher-capacity lithium batteries and atomizers with the ability to refill them with liquid (sold in separate bottles). In the most recent atomizers you can simply change the atomizer head (resistance and wick) while keeping the body of the atomizer, thus reducing the operating costs. (3) Third-generation devices (also called 'Mods', from modifications), consisting of very large-capacity lithium batteries with integrated circuits that allow vapers to change the voltage or power (wattage) delivered to the atomizer. These devices can be combined with either second-generation atomizers or with rebuildable atomizers, where the consumers have the ability to prepare their own setup of resistance and wick.
Click to zoom
http://img.medscape.com/article/822/398/822398-fig1.jpg
Figure 1.
Examples of electronic cigarette devices currently available on the market.
Awareness and use (vaping) of ECs has increased exponentially in recent years. Data obtained from the HealthStyles survey showed that, in the US, awareness of ECs rose from 40.9–57.9% from 2010 to 2011, with EC use rising from 3.3–6.2% over the same time period [King et al. 2013]. In the United Kingdom, EC use in regular smokers increased from 2.7% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2012 [Dockrell et al. 2013]. Similar findings were obtained from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey [Adkison et al. 2013]. A recent prospective study in Swiss army recruits showed that 12% of smokers who tried ECs progressed to daily use [Douptcheva et al. 2013]. It must be noted that this increase in EC use has occurred despite the concerns raised by public health authorities about the safety and appropriateness of using these products as alternatives to smoking [National Association of Attorneys General, 2013; Food and Drug Administration, 2009; Mayers, 2009].
The popularity of ECs may be due to their ability to deal both with the physical (i.e. nicotine) and the behavioral component of smoking addiction. In particular, sensory stimulation [Rose and Levin, 1991] and simulation of smoking behavior and cigarette manipulation [Hajek et al. 1989] are important determinants of a product's effectiveness in reducing or completely substituting smoking. These features are generally absent in nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) and oral medications for nicotine dependence, whereas ECs are unique in that they provide rituals associated with smoking behavior (e.g. hand-tomouth movement, visible 'smoke' exhaled) and sensory stimulation associated with it [Farsalinos et al. 2013b]. This explains why these products can be effective in reducing consumption of tobacco smoking [Bullen et al. 2013; Caponnetto et al. 2013b; Polosa et al. 2011] and are efficient as long-term substitutes of conventional cigarettes [Farsalinos et al. 2013b].
Here's what's on the page:
Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes as Tobacco Cigarette Substitutes: A Systematic Review
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a recent development in tobacco harm reduction. They are marketed as less harmful alternatives to smoking. Awareness and use of these devices has grown exponentially in recent years, with millions of people currently using them. This systematic review appraises existing laboratory and clinical research on the potential risks from electronic cigarette use, compared with the well-established devastating effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes. Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes. Research will help make electronic cigarettes more effective as smoking substitutes and will better define and further reduce residual risks from use to as low as possible, by establishing appropriate quality control and standards.
Introduction
Complete tobacco cessation is the best outcome for smokers. However, the powerful addictive properties of nicotine and the ritualistic behavior of smoking create a huge hurdle, even for those with a strong desire to quit. Until recently, smokers were left with just two alternatives: either quit or suffer the harmful consequences of continued smoking. This gloomy scenario has allowed the smoking pandemic to escalate, with nearly 6 million deaths annually and a predicted death toll of 1 billion within the 21st century [World Health Organization, 2013]. But a third choice, involving the use of alternative and much safer sources of nicotine with the goal to reduce smoking-related diseases is now available: tobacco harm reduction (THR) [Rodu and Godshall, 2006].
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are the newest and most promising products for THR [Polosa et al. 2013b]. They are electrically-driven devices consisting of the battery part (usually a lithium battery), and an atomizer where liquid is stored and is aerosolized by applying energy and generating heat to a resistance encircling a wick. The liquid used mainly consists of propylene glycol, glycerol, distilled water, flavorings (that may or may not be approved for food use) and nicotine. Consumers (commonly called 'vapers') may choose from several nicotine strengths, including non-nicotine liquids, and a countless list of flavors; this assortment is a characteristic feature that distinguishes ECs from any other THR products. Since their invention in 2003, there has been constant innovation and development of more efficient and appealing products. Currently, there are mainly three types of devices available [Dawkins, 2013], depicted in Figure 1. (1) First-generation devices, generally mimicking the size and look of regular cigarettes and consisting of small lithium batteries and cartomizers (i.e. cartridges, which are usually prefilled with a liquid that bathes the atomizer). batteries may be disposable (to be used once only) or rechargeable. (2) Second-generation devices, consisting mainly of higher-capacity lithium batteries and atomizers with the ability to refill them with liquid (sold in separate bottles). In the most recent atomizers you can simply change the atomizer head (resistance and wick) while keeping the body of the atomizer, thus reducing the operating costs. (3) Third-generation devices (also called 'Mods', from modifications), consisting of very large-capacity lithium batteries with integrated circuits that allow vapers to change the voltage or power (wattage) delivered to the atomizer. These devices can be combined with either second-generation atomizers or with rebuildable atomizers, where the consumers have the ability to prepare their own setup of resistance and wick.
Click to zoom
http://img.medscape.com/article/822/398/822398-fig1.jpg
Figure 1.
Examples of electronic cigarette devices currently available on the market.
Awareness and use (vaping) of ECs has increased exponentially in recent years. Data obtained from the HealthStyles survey showed that, in the US, awareness of ECs rose from 40.9–57.9% from 2010 to 2011, with EC use rising from 3.3–6.2% over the same time period [King et al. 2013]. In the United Kingdom, EC use in regular smokers increased from 2.7% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2012 [Dockrell et al. 2013]. Similar findings were obtained from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey [Adkison et al. 2013]. A recent prospective study in Swiss army recruits showed that 12% of smokers who tried ECs progressed to daily use [Douptcheva et al. 2013]. It must be noted that this increase in EC use has occurred despite the concerns raised by public health authorities about the safety and appropriateness of using these products as alternatives to smoking [National Association of Attorneys General, 2013; Food and Drug Administration, 2009; Mayers, 2009].
The popularity of ECs may be due to their ability to deal both with the physical (i.e. nicotine) and the behavioral component of smoking addiction. In particular, sensory stimulation [Rose and Levin, 1991] and simulation of smoking behavior and cigarette manipulation [Hajek et al. 1989] are important determinants of a product's effectiveness in reducing or completely substituting smoking. These features are generally absent in nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) and oral medications for nicotine dependence, whereas ECs are unique in that they provide rituals associated with smoking behavior (e.g. hand-tomouth movement, visible 'smoke' exhaled) and sensory stimulation associated with it [Farsalinos et al. 2013b]. This explains why these products can be effective in reducing consumption of tobacco smoking [Bullen et al. 2013; Caponnetto et al. 2013b; Polosa et al. 2011] and are efficient as long-term substitutes of conventional cigarettes [Farsalinos et al. 2013b].
Well you wrote it. Teens/tweens are copycats - they want - whatever the 20-ish young adults they know or know-of ---- appear to want. I've stealth vaped flavors - and flavor/scent are close - that make my 7 and 9 year old drool - but the 12 year old is more interested in stuff that smells like tobacco and that makes conspicuous clouds of 'smoke'.
So I don't know if tobacco scent only becomes appealing to adolescents? But we are vaping delicious stuff that anyone would want - and telling the teens/tweens they can't even try it till they grow up. They have an ingrained desire for anything they percieve as 'grownup' ..... and theres the problem.
Frankly, I think if some of these kids could have bananna creme as a vape instead of as a dish they might not be 20% overweight .... but the problem is more nicotine addiction that gluttony. Oops - I hadn't mentioned nicotine till them - the 7,9,12 year olds smell the vapor and know Uncle couldn't quit cigarettes till this - but they still know nothing of nicotine - except maybe its related to Uncle having a hard time quitting.
So I don't know if tobacco scent only becomes appealing to adolescents? But we are vaping delicious stuff that anyone would want - and telling the teens/tweens they can't even try it till they grow up. They have an ingrained desire for anything they percieve as 'grownup' ..... and theres the problem.
Frankly, I think if some of these kids could have bananna creme as a vape instead of as a dish they might not be 20% overweight .... but the problem is more nicotine addiction that gluttony. Oops - I hadn't mentioned nicotine till them - the 7,9,12 year olds smell the vapor and know Uncle couldn't quit cigarettes till this - but they still know nothing of nicotine - except maybe its related to Uncle having a hard time quitting.
The dieting issue is another factor that the politicians hate... The past few years they have seriously been setting things up for a fat tax, soda tax, sugar tax, etc.. Vaping ruins all their sin tax plans.
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