It's not a chemical analysis, and it depends on what type you have.
How Does a Photoelectric Smoke Detector Work?
A photoelectric smoke detector is comprised of a few simple parts; a T-shaped chamber with a small light bulb or LED aimed toward the top of the T, a lens to focus the light into a concentrated beam, and a photodiode which detects the presence of the beam. When functioning normally the LED emits light in a steady beam at the photodiode. The sides of the T-shaped chamber are vented and open. As smoke rises, it would rise up to the smoke detector and seeps into the vents of the chamber. By doing so the smoke obscures the light, preventing it from striking the photodiode. When this happens the alarm is triggered.
Ionization Smoke Detectors
The most common type of smoke detector is the ionization model, which uses a tiny ionization chamber to detect the presence of smoke. The ionization chamber is flanked on opposite ends with metal conductors through which a live electrical current flows, powered either by 120 volt home wiring or a battery. The chamber also contains a trace amount of a radioactive substance called americium-241. This substance sheds radioactive alpha particles that ionize the oxygen and nitrogen atoms present inside the chamber.
When ionization occurs, free electrons are cut loose from their oxygen and nitrogen atoms and receive negative charges. The negative free electrons become attracted to the positive conductor in the chamber, while the other positively charged particles get attracted to the negative conductor. This clears the inside of the chamber and strengthens the electrical current between the conductors.
As smoke seeps into the ionization chamber through vents, the smoke particles attach themselves to the free electrons and reverse the ionization process. This pulls particles away from the conductors, creating a sharp drop in current that the device can detect. When a large enough decrease occurs, an alarm sounds.