Clearomizers have a clear tube which you can see through and they generally are fillerless.
Like this :
510 CE2 Clearomizer XL
The CE2's one of the more popular clearomizers.
Cartomizers have a filler system that holds the juice and the wick feeds the juice to the coil. There are clear cartomizers, that have a clear tube like clearomizers, but they still have same filler material in them so their still considered a cartomizer.
My recommendation is to use a good cartomizer first. Personally I hate the CE2/CE3's bc they are extremely finicky and can leak a lot. You also basically have to mod the CE2s to make them work like they should. They do give really good flavor and thats why people do like them, but personally I think their more of a pain in the ... to make them worth it.
Cartomizers will be easier for you to learn with. They will be easier to learn how to fill correctly and use properly. I would get comfortable with using cartomizers first, then if you want to try something else like a clearomizer, go for it.
I feel youll def have less trouble using cartos, especially being a beginner. Clearomizers can be very finicky and leak just like your eGo tanks, and thats why I think youll be much happier with using a good cartomizer first