Cartomizers are one piece units that hold the juice, plus the coil that heats the juice.
Atomozers are a smaller unit that only holds the coil that heats the juice.
With an atty, you have to have a way to deliver the juice to the coil.
Both of these, attys and cartos, need some kind of a mouthpiece.
A drip tip is a mouthpiece that you can drip juice through to deliver it to an atty or to top-off a carto.
When you drip straight into an atty, it's called, strangely enough, "dripping".
If you aren't into dripping, there are special mouthpieces to fit into the top of atty. They hold juice and wick it onto the coil. These are called "cartridges". So, if you are not dripping, you use an atty and a cartridge. Some of these cartridges are quite large and hold a good amount of juice. They're called tanks or something cute.
Personally I'd forget all that tank system stuff for now. It is good to have a couple attys around in order to drip some juice so that you can find out if you like it before you commit to filling up a cartomizer with a flavor you don't like.
A cartomizer is a one piece unit. It contains a place to hold juice as well as the coil to vaporize it.
Cart (cartridge) o Mizer (atomizer)
Some cartomizers are filled with polyester batting to hold the juice. These are least expensive and arguably most reliable and consistent.
Some new cartomizers have no filling. The provide a cleaner taste, but are more expensive and usually need to be fiddled around with in order to make them work real well.
For a newbie, I'd recommend sticking to the traditional cartomizers for now. They hold varying amounts of juice, depending on their size. I am a heavy vaper. With a standard Boge 3ohm carto, I need to add about 8 or 10 drops every 20 minutes or half hour. It depends on how much you're vaping, the type of juice and how hot you're running your PV.
A carto is good for a week or two of pretty steady use. You can clean them, but they're pretty cheap so I don't bother. You can get them for $20 for 15 including shipping at crystalclearvaping.com
Atomizers don't burn out as often, but they cost 4 or 5 times more than cartomizers and you have to clean them regularly. You can get a month or two or even longer out of an atomizer, but you have to clean it often.
Dark juices and juice high in VG will shorten the lifespan of an atty or carto.
Clearomizers are more easily cleanable since they don't have any filling. You can make them last longer, but you ought to , since they cost 3 or 4 times more.
Take my advice. Get 2.5ohm Boge Cartos. Get some 2.0ohm or even 1.5ohm if you want a warmer vapor. I think you can mix and match at the website I linked to above.
Later, when you get the hang of the whole thing, you can investigate Clearomizers.
Look at some of the vendors, including the one where you are getting you kGo. I'm sure they have cartomizers available. I'm not sure how many come with your kit, but you want to have spares. You can't really use poly-filled cartos for more than one flavor each unless you go through all the hassle of cleaning them between flavors. You really don't want to do that. If you can't find good cartos at the proper resistance (2.0ohms, 2.5ohms, 3.0ohms.) get the 15/$20 deal. It's a steal.