Another note,
many members here will refer to units that have Direct Current compared to PWM....
other then mechanical units that just deliver battery power all Variable Voltage Mods are using PWM to control their voltage (please correct me if I'm wrong). Some people see a 100% duty cycle on their oscilloscope's because of the resolution of their scope is too low...
e.g. PWM/PDM is switching on/off real fast like mentioned previously... the measurement of this is called it's duty cycle and it's cycled with a specific frequency. In many cheaper VV mods, this frequency is 33hz (btw, I'm not saying that 33hz is bad or good) which is easily shown on even the cheapest oscilloscope's
When you get into mods that have faster (does not necessarily mean better) frequencies like the provari (I've heard it runs at 800hz, although I cannot confirm this), it takes an oscilloscope with a better resolution to see the duty cycle. If you don't have such an oscilloscope, it may look like a solid line on the scope and you may feel that it is somehow running at 100% duty cycle or direct current.
That's not true, it's still PWM, the person reviewing just doesn't have an oscilloscope with a high enough resolution to see that.
PWM/PDM is used EVERYWHERE... in fact the power companies limit the massive amounts of power coming from Power Plants by Alternating the Current at 240hz over the power lines which is stepped down again at your house to 120hz giving us Alternating Current or AC Power... The lights in your home are constantly being turned on/off at the rate of 120hz, the element just doesn't react fast enough to notice, although you can notice this flicker in fluorescent lights.
DC Power is already low enough Voltage that it's not dangerous so can be supplied without stepping it down unless you want to control the voltage in which case you need to do 1 of 2 things.... PWM, or get rid of the extra energy in some other form (usually heat)... I can't see a mod wasting that extra battery power on heat and still being efficient hence why they always use PWM.
When you control the brightness of your monitor from 100% (which would be 100% duty cycle) it uses PWM to dim it, flipping the backlight on/off at different duty cycles.
Low duty cycle means that the power is off more than on, a high duty cycle means the opposite.
There will obviously be a point at which using a higher frequency is of no value to an e-cig... e.g. 4000hz is probably no better than 1000.
I'm not sure where that line is with an e-cig, but once someone figures out at what point the heating elements can't react to the difference, anything after that is just specs for marketing. (which is usually what drives these types of numbers)
I would assume that a heating element is not fast to react to these types of cycles as it takes many thousands of micro seconds (or a second or two) to watch a coil go from hot (glowing) to cold... If the coil was fast to react to these changes you wouldn't just hear the rattlesnake, but would see it flickering.
I'm not sure if 800hz is better than 33hz, but when you get into 100hz or more it is probably safe to assume there's no difference.
Hope that helps