It does have an effect on the liquid where it preserves it. Thats why many E-Liquid DIY threads and users recommend to store your nicotine base in a freezer because it will preserve the precious nicotine.
When it comes to vaping it though, cold juice is not ideal.
I mean just think about it, the act of vaporizing something is heating it up with your coils to the point in which it turns into a vapor for you to inhale. If it is cold, then it will take longer for it to heat up, thus producing less vapor compared to the same juice which is at room temperature.
All in all, you did not damage your liquid in any way by leaving it out in the cold, however I would suggest letting it reach room temperature before you vape it. You don't have to, but If you put the bottle in between your waistband of your pants and your skin, the heat will transfer from your body to the bottle and it will warm it up quicker.
