The protection built into a Li-ion battery does
three things, over-current (loading), over-voltage (charging), and over-discharge. That's it. Protection does not shield the cell from any possible non-optimal condition that can increase wear, only things that can cause catastrophic failure.
You can apply voltage to a protected Li-Ion forever and as long as it doesn't go over maximum allowable voltage, the protection will not do anything. It's bad for Li-Ions (puts wear on them) to be leave terminal charging voltage applied after charge current falls below a level that indicates charging is complete. A good charger handles that properly.
510 e-cigs don't simply have protection in them. There is protection for the cell in them, but it's built into the circuitry that manages operation. One of the things the e-cig does is enable and disable charging. Otherwise you wouldn't be able to
vape and charge through the same connector.