It is now known that Joule heating is caused by interactions between the moving
particles that form the current (usually, but not always,
electrons) and the
atomic ions that make up the body of the conductor.
Charged particles in an
electric circuit are
accelerated by an
electric field but give up some of their
kinetic energy each time they collide with an ion. The increase in the kinetic or
vibrational energy of the ions manifests itself as heat and a rise in the temperature of the conductor. Hence energy is transferred from the electrical
power supply to the conductor and any materials with which it is in
thermal contact.
Joule heating is also referred to as
ohmic heating or
resistive heating because of its relationship to
Ohm's Law. It forms the basis for the myriad of practical applications involving
electric heating.