As a response to smoking prohibition policies flourishing throughout the world, the tobacco industry initiated a strong marketing process of various smokeless products, in particular snus. With progression of consumption in society, smokeless tobacco is drawing attention in the sport community due to performance enhancement pharmacological properties of nicotine free of smoke-related detrimental effects on the respiratory tract. However, despite the so-claimed reduced health risk, such products induce persistent addiction issues and may be responsible for a vast panel of diseases, including different types of cancers.[...]
[A method for detection and quantification of nicotine and metabolites was developped and] prevalence of nicotine consumption amongst athletes during a one-year monitoring study between 2010 and 2011, accounting for 2185 urine specimens of 43 different sports, was investigated with this analytical procedure. [...] Eventually, prevalence of nicotine consumption, as a smoke or smokeless tobacco product, before or/and during sport practice revealed that about [15%] were active users.
As a first approach, this number may appear lower than the worldwide smoking prevalence of around 25%. However, focusing the study on a panel of selected sports brought alarming evidence on comparable, if not far superior, nicotine consumption amongst athletes. [...; my edit to add authors tabulated prevalence data: American football 55.6%, Basketball 25.0%, Biathlon 18.4%, Bobsleigh 30.8%, Football 19.0%, Gymnastics 29.2%, Ice hockey 32.4%, Rugby 28.0%, Skating 19.5%, Skiing 25.9%, Volleyball 19.6%, Wrestling 32.3%; note that authors disclose only this selected list out of 43 disciplines analyzed]
Therefore, WADA and sport federations should evaluate the inclusion of nicotine to the Prohibited List or/and Monitoring Program in order to bring not only control on a doping agent, but also an innovative and key element to developing a more preventive approach of fight against doping. Indeed, an interesting step towards limitation and education on a global public health threat responsible for an extremely harmful burden of disease could be initiated.