First, let’s clear up some definitions, followed by taking a look at the sources of natural and artificial flavorings and the overall impact both have on our environment. Yes, I did say environment and no, we’re not tree huggers – I just feel it is important to mention that last aspect.
According to the Code of Federal Regulations, natural flavors or flavorings means “the essential oil, oleoresin, essence or extractive, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or any product of roasting, heating or enzymolysis, which contains the flavoring constituents derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or similar plant material, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, whose significant function in food is flavoring rather than nutritional. Natural flavors include the natural essence or extractives obtained from plants” (Code of Federal Regulations).
In regards to Artificial flavors or flavorings the code defines these as “any substance, the function of which is to impart flavor, which is not derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or similar plant material, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof”.
Those are simply the legal definitions, but let’s take a closer look at the “practical” differences between the flavors. From a chemical standpoint, there is no substantive difference between natural vs artificial flavorings, except for the source these identical chemicals are derived from; natural flavorings are “simply” derived from a natural source, while the identical artificial flavor chemical is “synthesized”.
A perfect example is Coconut flavoring and with this I’ll also mention the environmental impact of creating either type of flavoring. Coconut main flavoring compound is Massoia lactone – an alkyl lactone derived from the bark of the Massoia tree found primarily in Malaysia. Since only the bark is used to create a natural coconut flavoring, the tree itself is left to die after harvesting! Massoia lactone, however can be synthesized at a far less monetary and especially environmental cost.
Asides from the environmental impact of natural flavoring, there are other differences. Mother Nature has no restrictions on using toxic chemicals, whereas the flavor chemist does. Synthesized (or artificial) flavorings are under so much more scrutiny and control it is safe to say that these might actually be as pure as they can be without the impurities. So don't get too caught up on whether or not to use natural or artifical flavorings; instead look at the source and quality of the flavorings.
In this short article, I’ve tried to illustrate why natural flavorings are far more expensive than artificial flavorings and that they are in fact no better in quality, nor are they necessarily safer, than their cost-effective synthesized counterparts. This is also the reason we only have certain natural flavorings currently available – ones we can reproduce with a minimum impact on our pocket books but most importantly, our environment.