Health effects
Further information: Health effects of tobacco
A common belief among users is that the smoke is significantly less dangerous than that from cigarettes.[24] The water moisture induced by the hookah makes the smoke less irritating and may give a false sense of security and reduce concerns about true health effects.[25] Doctors at institutions including the Mayo Clinic have stated that use of hookah is equally detrimental to a person's health as smoking cigarettes,[26][27] and a study by the World Health Organization also confirmed these findings.[28]
Each hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke.[29][30] Reports by the World Health Organization and the American Cancer Society have shown that, in a one-hour hookah session, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke and about 70% more nicotine than they would in one cigarette.[31]
A 2005 study found that water pipe smokers were five times more likely than non-smokers to show signs of gum disease. People who smoked water pipes had five times the risk of lung cancer as non-smokers.[32]
The water used to filter the smoke does not work efficiently to remove all the harmful chemicals.[33]
A study on hookah smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008.[34] Its objective was "to find serum CEA levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, bidis, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g (the average bowl in holds 30g) of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions". Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a marker found in several forms of cancer. Levels in exclusive hookah smokers were lower compared to cigarette smokers although the difference was not statistically significant between a hookah smoker and a non-smoker. Also the study concluded that heavy hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day ; 2 to 6 hours) substantially raises CEA levels.
Hookah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Further information: Health effects of tobacco
A common belief among users is that the smoke is significantly less dangerous than that from cigarettes.[24] The water moisture induced by the hookah makes the smoke less irritating and may give a false sense of security and reduce concerns about true health effects.[25] Doctors at institutions including the Mayo Clinic have stated that use of hookah is equally detrimental to a person's health as smoking cigarettes,[26][27] and a study by the World Health Organization also confirmed these findings.[28]
Each hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke.[29][30] Reports by the World Health Organization and the American Cancer Society have shown that, in a one-hour hookah session, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke and about 70% more nicotine than they would in one cigarette.[31]
A 2005 study found that water pipe smokers were five times more likely than non-smokers to show signs of gum disease. People who smoked water pipes had five times the risk of lung cancer as non-smokers.[32]
The water used to filter the smoke does not work efficiently to remove all the harmful chemicals.[33]
A study on hookah smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008.[34] Its objective was "to find serum CEA levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, bidis, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g (the average bowl in holds 30g) of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions". Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a marker found in several forms of cancer. Levels in exclusive hookah smokers were lower compared to cigarette smokers although the difference was not statistically significant between a hookah smoker and a non-smoker. Also the study concluded that heavy hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day ; 2 to 6 hours) substantially raises CEA levels.
Hookah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia