So - are we getting it or are we not - nicotine

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DVap

Nicotiana Alchemia
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edit: never mind, perhaps some people with commitment and interest will come along

Do I misread in taking this as an indirect criticism of my lack of interest in pushing the WTA concept much beyond proof of concept?

Please let me know if I'm seeing something that's not really there and I should make nothing of it, or if I should move straight to being a bit annoyed.
 
I like nicotine as much as I like caffeine ... I don't think I'll ever give it up. Even if I have to start smoking normal cigarettes again. (which I love, too bad for the carcinogens + smell) Nicotine in moderate dosages is no more harmful to you then caffeine.... In fact anything can harm you if you have too much of it... even water! What makes normal cigarettes so bad is the carcinogens,carbon monoxide, and heavy elements on your lungs.(which all can be found in the air in moderate dosages) Can e-cigs be harmful to you? Sure just like anything else... you can get tainted/bad e-liquid that has harmful ingredients, overdose on nicotine, etc. But if done right I believe e-cigs can be a much "healthier" choice both physically & socially then smoking a normal cigarette.
 
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DVap

Nicotiana Alchemia
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Dvap - not referring to experimental plans, only having a dialog rather than a monolog. No point spending time looking into and thinking about things just for the sake of it.

Looking into things and thinking about things for the sake of it is really the basis of revelation. We've all been involved in quite a bit of it, and I don't want to give the impression that I'm not interested in many of the questions you ask. I've said before that sometimes I have to give a miss to discussions that are too speculative for my tastes, this is not to imply dismissal as unimportant. These discussions are certainly meritorious.

Perhaps we get caught up in the present and too quickly forget the stepwise progression that's gotten us to where we are: discussing an efficacious e-liquid for those who don't get satisfaction from regular e-liquid.

Here's my perspective on how we got from point A to point C.

We've come a long way toward understanding the chemistry of vaping vis a vis nicotine delivery, I believe it was your "elephant in the room", that got me to start collecting empirical data from vapers who find vaping a satisfying substitute for analogs. This empirical data showed that these folks generally seem to vape 2.5X the nicotine compared to what they used to get from analogs. This led to the hypothesis that vaping was likely much more efficient ~40% versus the 10% figure coming from some oft quoted research. This hypothesis required testing to either support or refute the hypothesis, thus the cryogenic vapor trapping test which appeared to confirm the hypothesis that vaping isn't all that inefficient as we've been led to believe. This led to the need to reconcile the 40% figure with the 10% figure, and analysis of such variables as e-liquid consumption per vape to arrive at the conclusion that 16 mg e-liquid is not an appropriate concentration to be comparing to a full flavor analog when looking at blood levels. Seeing that vaping was handicapped from the start in the comparison, the rest of the picture was filled with the realization that testing for peak nicotine levels was a red herring, but still a useful piece of data in that it demonstrated that analogs do deliver the goods more quickly, but over the course of the day, vaping holds it's own. Ultimately the 10% test was reconciled with the 40% test through understanding the defects in methodology and data interpretation in the 10% test. It's been a hard sell as we all know, the forums are full of boards that still throw around the flawed 10% test as evidence of vaping's inefficacy.

So there we all were, still hearing from all sides that "vaping only delivers 10% of the nicotine", and knowing better. We saw many happy vapers with nothing but their PV's consuming approximately 2.5X the nicotine that they used to get from analogs. It all made perfect sense. But the anomaly wouldn't leave us alone. How can some people who did fine on 2.5 packs of full flavor analogs per day not find satisfaction vaping at any nicotine level? Less than 4 mL per day of 36 mg should have been working fine for these people, but it wasn't. Enter the x-factor. Again, your focus on the x-factor got me thinking about it, and it got us all thinking that analogs must contain something beside nicotine that completes the equation of satisfaction. Snus was mentioned often as something that seemed to help fill in the x-factor that vaping was missing, and MAOI's became the hot topic. That got me thinking and modeling, and I hypothesized four groups based on an x-y axis comparing susceptibility to nicotine addiction with susceptibility to x-factor (suspected MAOI) addiction. Group one and two seemed to do OK with vaping, but poor group three, and to a lesser extent group four found themselves vaping high levels and having to supplement with snus to stay sane. Your page upon page of quoted studies were meanwhile saying the same thing. When a model is good, you start to see people saying, "Yea, I'm a group two", or "Crap, I'm group three!". Models create categories, and individuals can find themselves reflected in one of the categories created by the model.

We had crossed some bridges, we knew that vaping was actually a more efficient nicotine delivery system than analogs (if we considered nicotine content of the starting material). We knew vaping was effective for some and not for others, and it could not possibly be about the nicotine which vaping did a wonderful job of delivering on a slow even keel. Your MAOI research was compelling, and it got me hypothesizing again. It was a simple hypothesis that we'd really all just taken for granted, "E-liquid is not as effective as analogs for some people". I simply had a flash insight and asked myself, "If nicotine e-liquid is not effective for some people, what would it have to look like to be effective for those people?" Lightning cracks overhead... "E-liquid must contain the same alkaloid distribution that is found in an analog!" It was a fortuitous hypothesis because I was fairly uniquely qualified to test this hypothesis via the isolation of tobacco alkaloids from tobacco in an essentially pure form. At this point, there was nothing left for it but to produce some WTA liquid and hand it over to a tester who couldn't find satisfaction from vaping alone, and wait for his feedback.

In this whole evolution, I've been happy to be a "doer", when the doing involves chemical materials, it's just the thing I've spent my career doing, but I've relied on every thinker, guesser, and speculator along the way who kept the focus on those pieces that just didn't fit.
 
DVap -

As you said you were a little worried about what alkaloids might be present, I suggested that it might it be worth removing any alkaloids that are non-volatile in freebase form from the final alkaloid mix, by say slow vaporisation and recondensing in an inert atmosphere? Nicotine is one of few alkaloids that are liquid at room temperature; those that are not are unlikely to vaporise.

However, most alkaloids decompose easily on heating (so the loss of the other alkaloids is likely substantial as with nicotine; but post heating the profile would resemble that gained from smoking tobacco; though might be different if switched to ultrasonic misting of the e-liquid); for this reason, this step would lose/waste too much of the useful alkaloids to remove the non-volatile ones. Other than employing evaporation rather than boiling, not sure if another way to do this.

Also, as you mentioned about the color several times, I found this, in case you might see a possible constituent in the list :

It is curious because most freebase alkaloids are colorless; however these have color:

Colchicine and berberine are yellow.
Canadine is orange.

Salts are more often colored but your pic was of freebase alkaloids? (Interestingly, the salts of sanguinarine are copper-red, right kind of color, but not in tobacco afaik)

Lastly, I am beginning to feel that the main psycho-active elements of the other alkaloids are likely to be, strangely enough, nicotine related - similar in structure to nicotine and working to increase the effect of the nicotine, rather than there being a second, separate mode of action. In other words, as rather dramatic as the impact of the other alkaloids are, they seem to be support acts to nicotine via MAOI activity, with relaxation following the known higher-dosage effect of nicotine: initially stimulating, then relaxing.

PET scans do show some activity suggesting activation of other pathways (such as endorphin release), but these are likely secondary in my current estimation.
 
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ps: Just to clarify: "At higher doses, nicotine enhances the effect of serotonin and opiate activity, producing a calming, pain-killing effect. Nicotine is unique in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative/pain killer in increasing dosages and use." (Wikipedia) I'm willing to go with that explanation for the dual effect, but add the suggestion that the MAOIs are needed to reach the calming stage (carboline and maybe others).

For now, concern about impurities, decomposition and unnecessary additives (the elephant is the ashed deposits that build up on the atty heater coils) has been eclipsed by the need to make e-liquid more effective, not as wishful thinking, but because it must be possible to duplicate the psychoactive effects of smoking. In the bigger picture, this would impact heath much more (reduced smoking).
 
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Looking into things and thinking about things for the sake of it is really the basis of revelation. We've all been involved in quite a bit of it, and I don't want to give the impression that I'm not interested in many of the questions you ask. I've said before that sometimes I have to give a miss to discussions that are too speculative for my tastes, this is not to imply dismissal as unimportant. These discussions are certainly meritorious.

Perhaps we get caught up in the present and too quickly forget the stepwise progression that's gotten us to where we are: discussing an efficacious e-liquid for those who don't get satisfaction from regular e-liquid.

Here's my perspective on how we got from point A to point C.

We've come a long way toward understanding the chemistry of vaping vis a vis nicotine delivery, I believe it was your "elephant in the room", that got me to start collecting empirical data from vapers who find vaping a satisfying substitute for analogs. This empirical data showed that these folks generally seem to vape 2.5X the nicotine compared to what they used to get from analogs. This led to the hypothesis that vaping was likely much more efficient ~40% versus the 10% figure coming from some oft quoted research. This hypothesis required testing to either support or refute the hypothesis, thus the cryogenic vapor trapping test which appeared to confirm the hypothesis that vaping isn't all that inefficient as we've been led to believe. This led to the need to reconcile the 40% figure with the 10% figure, and analysis of such variables as e-liquid consumption per vape to arrive at the conclusion that 16 mg e-liquid is not an appropriate concentration to be comparing to a full flavor analog when looking at blood levels. Seeing that vaping was handicapped from the start in the comparison, the rest of the picture was filled with the realization that testing for peak nicotine levels was a red herring, but still a useful piece of data in that it demonstrated that analogs do deliver the goods more quickly, but over the course of the day, vaping holds it's own. Ultimately the 10% test was reconciled with the 40% test through understanding the defects in methodology and data interpretation in the 10% test. It's been a hard sell as we all know, the forums are full of boards that still throw around the flawed 10% test as evidence of vaping's inefficacy.

So there we all were, still hearing from all sides that "vaping only delivers 10% of the nicotine", and knowing better. We saw many happy vapers with nothing but their PV's consuming approximately 2.5X the nicotine that they used to get from analogs. It all made perfect sense. But the anomaly wouldn't leave us alone. How can some people who did fine on 2.5 packs of full flavor analogs per day not find satisfaction vaping at any nicotine level? Less than 4 mL per day of 36 mg should have been working fine for these people, but it wasn't. Enter the x-factor. Again, your focus on the x-factor got me thinking about it, and it got us all thinking that analogs must contain something beside nicotine that completes the equation of satisfaction. Snus was mentioned often as something that seemed to help fill in the x-factor that vaping was missing, and MAOI's became the hot topic. That got me thinking and modeling, and I hypothesized four groups based on an x-y axis comparing susceptibility to nicotine addiction with susceptibility to x-factor (suspected MAOI) addiction. Group one and two seemed to do OK with vaping, but poor group three, and to a lesser extent group four found themselves vaping high levels and having to supplement with snus to stay sane. Your page upon page of quoted studies were meanwhile saying the same thing. When a model is good, you start to see people saying, "Yea, I'm a group two", or "Crap, I'm group three!". Models create categories, and individuals can find themselves reflected in one of the categories created by the model.

We had crossed some bridges, we knew that vaping was actually a more efficient nicotine delivery system than analogs (if we considered nicotine content of the starting material). We knew vaping was effective for some and not for others, and it could not possibly be about the nicotine which vaping did a wonderful job of delivering on a slow even keel. Your MAOI research was compelling, and it got me hypothesizing again. It was a simple hypothesis that we'd really all just taken for granted, "E-liquid is not as effective as analogs for some people". I simply had a flash insight and asked myself, "If nicotine e-liquid is not effective for some people, what would it have to look like to be effective for those people?" Lightning cracks overhead... "E-liquid must contain the same alkaloid distribution that is found in an analog!" It was a fortuitous hypothesis because I was fairly uniquely qualified to test this hypothesis via the isolation of tobacco alkaloids from tobacco in an essentially pure form. At this point, there was nothing left for it but to produce some WTA liquid and hand it over to a tester who couldn't find satisfaction from vaping alone, and wait for his feedback.

In this whole evolution, I've been happy to be a "doer", when the doing involves chemical materials, it's just the thing I've spent my career doing, but I've relied on every thinker, guesser, and speculator along the way who kept the focus on those pieces that just didn't fit.

Nice summary DVap. Apologies for getting agitated sometimes. Kina
 

IANAN

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Norharman and harman are two heterocyclic beta-carboline (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) alkaloids with biological and potential toxicological activity that appear in foodstuffs and environmental sources. ...

The levels found of beta-carbolines were highly variable. Low processed foodstuffs (i.e. milk, yoghurt, uncooked meats and fish) did not contain norharman and harman above the detection limit. Others, however, contained relatively high concentrations (at the tens of ng g(-1) or microg l(-1) level) depending on the processing conditions as, for example, 'well-done' cooked meat and fish. The highest amounts of norharman and harman were found in brewed coffee (29-207 microg l(-1)), sauces (soy sauce and Tabasco, among others; 4-252 microg l(-1)), 'well done' cooked meat and fish (57-160 ng g(-1)), toasted bread (42-160 ng g(-1)), and fermented alcoholic beverages (n.d.-41 mug l(-1)). beta-Carbolines also occurred in a high amount in the mainstream of cigarette smoke (207-2780 ng/cigarette), which is an important contributor to daily exposure to these compounds.


Is that ug/L??

1 ug = 1000 ng

If that is true then coffee has a higher level of beta-carboline than smoke.

Also the animal studies suggest strongly that it is MOA-A Inhibitors and not MOA-B Inhibitors.... Mostly that leaves the Harman and Norharman....

Cup of Joe anyone :D?
 
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Is that ug/L??

1 ug = 1000 ng

If that is true then coffee has a higher level of beta-carboline than smoke.

Also the animal studies suggest strongly that it is MOA-A Inhibitors and not MOA-B Inhibitors.... Mostly that leaves the Harman and Norharman....

Cup of Joe anyone :D?

Coffee avg: 100 micro / liter so lets say 25 micro / cup

Cigs: take a slightly high avg of 1 micro / cig and smke 5 of them = 5 micro

Yes, coffe still 5x higher.

Perhaps the answer is that smoke is lung absorbed, whereas digestion would quite possiby diminish the level reaching the blood considerably (?)

What might be most interesting in this report is that perhaps tobaccos content of these carbolines (not sure if these are the main ones or just 'dodgy' ones), is prodcued by the tobacco curing process.
 
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Vaporer

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Coffee maybe 5x, but wouldnt it be immediately diluted in the stomach and as other liquids are ingested and diluted much further before adsorbtion really got a chance?
Its also going to be treated to stomach acids and a lot of other chemical "treats" before making it to the bloodstream. Caffeine seems to do ok though getting in.
 
Coffee maybe 5x, but wouldnt it be immediately diluted in the stomach and as other liquids are ingested and diluted much further before adsorbtion really got a chance?
Its also going to be treated to stomach acids and a lot of other chemical "treats" before making it to the bloodstream. Caffeine seems to do ok though getting in.

Fair point.

I'm really wondering about carbolines now. If my hunch is right and it is the curing of the tobacco that creates them, as seems likely, I wonder from what the carbolines are made; seems like maybe a decomposition (perhaps dehydration) of something else. I'm thinking there might be a way to produce it/them cleanly.

edit (later):

Aha, a quick search found this interesting patent:

"β-Carbolines, pyrido[3,4-b]indoles, are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry due to their close relationship with natural products such as tryptophan as well as their numerous reported biological activities. Through the years, a number of reports have shown that γ-carbolines, pyrido[4,3-b]indoles, also possess similar biological activities. Several substituted γ-carbolines have been synthesized and examined in a series of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological tests and have been demonstrated antipsychotic, antibiotic, antitumor and other related activities. ... The formation of the desired γ-carbolines in several cases, were byproducts formed while attempting to synthesize the more notable β-carbolines."

A detailed description is here:

Synthesized ?-carbolines - Patent 6872830

The chemistry is complex; it's most definetely for a lab.

Actually lots of info on the synthesis of carbolines.

Can be from amides, as in this example: A Versatile Cyclodehydration Reaction for the Synthesis of Isoquinoline and ?-Carboline Derivatives
 
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Beta Carbolines

"β-carboline alkaloids are widespread in plants and animals, and frequently act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). ... Some β-carbolines, notably tryptoline* and pinoline, are formed naturally in the human body. The latter is implicated along with melatonin in the role of the pineal gland in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The β-carboline can link to cerebral benzodiazepine receptors and induce inverse agonist effect."

beta-Carboline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

( Associated with the sleep cycle )

That last sentence is very interesting. By action on the GABA neurotransmitter that reduces some neuron excitability, benzodiazepines (Valium is an example) produces a calming, anti-anxiety effect.

( Interesting and simple link re carbolines and coffee and MAOI effect: Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and beta-carbolines norharman and harm )

Beta Carbolines, the good guys - Antioxidant properties of ß-carboline alkaloids are related to their antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities: Antioxidant properties of {beta}-carboline alkaloids are related to their antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities -- Moura et al., 10.1093/mutage/gem016 -- Mutagenesis

Endorphin Link

Evidence that a benzodiazepine receptor mechanism regulates the secretion of pituitary beta-endorphin in rats. Evidence that a benzodiazepine receptor mechanism ... [Endocrinology. 1985] - PubMed result

~~

Heterocyclic Amines and Alpha Carbolines

In food processing / curing it is the heat mediated reaction of proteins (and dehydrated proteins) and carbohydrates, from which the carbolines arise; most of the products so formed in browning type cooking (over 100C) are toxic heterocyclic amines that are notorious for existing in smoke too.

In fact, alpha carbolines, the bad guys, can be 100s of times higher in cooked meat than in smoke (comparing say 100g meat to 10 cigs); Matsumoto, T. et al, Determination of mutagen amino-alpha-carbolines in grilled foods and cigarette smoke condensate. Cancer Lett. 1981 / 12 (1-2) / 105-110.

( Interesting note for chemists: "The common chemical structure of the alkaloids used in this study comprises one indole nucleus and one six-member pyrrole. According to their oxidation state, these alkaloids can be divided into two groups: dihydro-ß-carbolines (harmaline and harmalol) and ß-carbolines (harmane, harmine and harmol)" )

As I've said before, toxins in food put some perspective on the trace levels that might be found with vaping.

It has also been suggested that withdrawal from smoking can lead to the seeking out of prepared foods causing weight gain (a separate mechanism from keeping busy or loss of appetite suppression).

Indeed, it has also been suggested that food manufacturers deliberately combine sugar and proteins knowing that some beta carbolines will be produced on being cooked; but a lot more alpha carbolines and other toxic HCAs will also be produced, and the body has trouble metabolising these often destructured molecules.

~~

Beta-carbolines and alcohol

"When acetaldehyde [an ethanol metabolite] combines with serotonin [a neurotransmitter not unlike dopamine] it produces beta-carboline. Acetaldehyde plus dopamine produces solsalinol. Solsalinol plus bet-caboline gives tetrahydroisoquinalines; these can activate the same receptors as beta-endorphins."

Alcoholism : the cause and the cure - Google Books
 
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TWISTED VICTOR

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Ok. So here I am vaping a coffee bean sprinkled with monosodium glutimate and my mind keeps jumping back to Dvap. Oh, Dvap, I see the worms crawling from the can and multiplying. Sometimes we look back and a part of us asks why we didn't leave the opener alone.:( Sometimes the quest is better than the treasure. But angst, not. Your goal is met and another will carry the torch further. That's what mankind does.:D It won't be me, I'm an innocent bystander.:confused: Frustrated for now, but I'm also experiencing some relief in the knowledge that what I'd hoped for is possible...that goes a long way, baby.:thumb: Years of being in the company of engineers has taught me the guys packin' the brains will sort it out and make it happen. kin is hot on the trail busy picking apart all aspects, studying the finest details that, I don't think, even the big tobacco boys looked at. There is an impressive array of minds focussing on a single subject here and don't forget...people know people who know people.;) So, to quote a famous chemist I once read about in another thread, "Fun ceases to be fun when it becomes more like work" or something like that. The ball's rollin' and will pick up speed. Besides, I suspect long after your analysis is completed you'll keep this as a pet project to the end. You're sick and tired of BT, the politics, greed and deception, you have answers......no, you're not going anywhere, mister.:cool:

INTERESTING SIDE NOTE, HERE!! kin, today while in the shower with my almost 4 year old son, who's love of conversation is fit for Ripley's, I decided to tell him the names of my new friends and let him repeat them. Well, needless to say, KINABALOO is now a household word. :) Unfortunately, so is OLD DIRT MUFFINS WITH BONES :?:. Sorry, OTD.

Sorry for this interruption. Now, back to my bean. maybe I'll do instant next.
 
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Vaporer

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Pretty interesting Kin.

As far as whats produced during curing, it seems that they focus the curing process of desired flavor result.
Sun dried results in the "blond" tobacco and reduces the nic level too. Flu and natural curing seem to focus on the fermentation processes that the tobacco goes through during this time. Ive read hanging in a basement, fermentation can still be evolving after 5yrs. Kind of like a good wine.

I doubt thats effecting the alkaloid content or ratios as flavors seem to result from esthers and other compounds.

How or what effect this has on carbolines is way above my limited chemistry knowledge.
So............I can't even speculate.
 

Vaporer

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Twisted,
I agree the guys packin will sort it out or die trying within thier limits...............
But again, The input from the trenches sets the parameters they need to deal with and carries as much importance to me.
So, dont belittle yourself for not being on thier level, nost arent including me.
But I'll keep adding input as others should too so we can establish the rules, guidelines, situations and results needed.
Never undersell yourself.
I realize that in some forums and threads its different than here.
We have a great group that is here to help each other.
 

TWISTED VICTOR

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Twisted,
I agree the guys packin will sort it out or die trying within thier limits...............
But again, The input from the trenches sets the parameters they need to deal with and carries as much importance to me.
So, dont belittle yourself for not being on thier level, nost arent including me.
But I'll keep adding input as others should too so we can establish the rules, guidelines, situations and results needed.
Never undersell yourself.
I realize that in some forums and threads its different than here.
We have a great group that is here to help each other.

Well, it sure has gone from words to action....a rarity. Now, just wandering down a path here, suppose someone, say, a chemist in high regard, was to contact a liquid supplier in, say, the heart of Tobacco Country. Maybe one he's familiar with on a bit more personal level. Now, still with me? Now, let's say this supplier was a little on the picky side when it comes to quality and goes the extra mile to make sure of that quality. The chemist shows the supplier a way to boost demand in his products with a new and improved version. So, say the supplier is interested in the profit potential and has enough sway with the manufacturer of his nicotine to make the process modifications needed to produce WTA. Next, there's an explosion of demand for his liquids, money's flying everywhere, he's happy, the chemist becomes a silent partner and I'm laid back taking a relaxing vape....and everyone lived happily ever after. :) These paths just keep going. Pass me another bean, Vaporer ;)
 

TropicalBob

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Do keep in mind that WTA liquid would face all the FDA problems now facing the present e-liquids, should an attempt be made to market it.

Great first reports from your tester, Dvap. By the second day, it sounds as if tolerance and dependence are setting in, as we might expect of something so closely akin chemically to tobacco smoke. The tester is finding his individual level; now, how will he cope when WTA is no longer available?
 
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