With computers anything is possible. BUT, i would not say it's possible for a USB pass through device ITSELF to short circuit or "fry" your motherboard. The most common cause of motherboard failure is HEAT! The mother board is basically the equivalent of what a central nervous system is to us. It is the large flat board in your PC that your CPU(processor), RAM(memory), GPU(graphics, or video card) sits on, and connects to.
Making sure your computer, lap top or desktop has sufficient cooling is key! Enough air vents in your case, and properly working fans. It never hurts to crack your case, every month or so and use canned air to blow excess dust and buildup off of your components. Components being, ALL fans, especially the fan that cools your processor, and everything inside the case.
Lap tops are a much different story, as opening one is like opening a pop up book sometimes. So if you have little to no tech knowledge of laptops, DON'T open it!
A pass through itself isn't powered, meaning, the pass through device itself does not produce a current, it only draws one. Now, a variant could be that your power supply for your PC, not the wall outlet, but the power supply inside of your PC isn't strong enough to power all the components on your PC. So unless you've built your PC yourself, or upgraded your power supply, it is quite possible the power supply that came with it is inferior, and meant only to power what was in your PC when you purchased it, sometimes not even that! Say you've added a video card, or sound card, and kept your stock power supply, you may run into trouble, unless it is rated to handle what you've added. The more hardware you add, the more power will be drawn, the harder your power supply has to work, if you torture it, it WILL fail.
With that being said, it MIGHT be possible for the additional use of a USB pass through to send your power supply over the edge and fail, BUT HIGHLY unlikely! It has to be a perfect formula of a not so hot set up.
Computers are a crazy thing! There are so many variables possible. Main point being, your pass through itself, cannot kill your PC.