Its all about ohms law and current, volts are just potential....
current (amps) = volts / resistance (constant for the device)
What the assumption is, is that your USB is short on amps to fully fire the device, and although you have higher volts, the lower amps may result in lower power watts.
watts = volts x amps
USB 2.0 is supposed to output 500ma. There isn't a lot of information because for anything you normally plug into the USB 500ma is almost overkill. To shawdow, you might want to find out what your USB puts out...
So using ohms law for the 510 at 5 volts (usb)
amps = 5 (volts) / 2.5 (ohms of a 510) = 2 amps
- therefor at 5 volts it wants to draw 2 amps but is limited to the output of the usb at 500 mA
So for power, you have watts = .5 amps x 5 volts = 2.5 watts
However using a 3.7 battery...
amps = 3.7 (volts) / 2.5 (ohms) = 1.48 amps
- in the case of the batt it can deliver 1.48 or greater amps...
So again for power you have watts = 1.48 amps X 3.7 volts = 5.48
As you see the battery at 3.7 volts gives out more power (watts) than the 5 volts USB at only .5 amps, which will give you more vape, almost twice as much 2.5 watts vs. 5.48 watts..
If you usb can put out 1 amp, at 5 volts that 5 watts, still less than the 3.7 batt..
Your usb has to put out 1.1 amps at 5 volts to be equal to the 3.7 volt batt.