Malware is malicious code. It can take advantage of a vulnerability, but it is not dependent on one. Vulnerabilities are faults with in hardware, OS or even applications (to name a few). Equifax was not breached with Malware, there was a vulnerability with their third party web application from Struts. Struts informed Equifax of the issue, but Equifax delayed the needed update and was hacked when vulnerable.
Vulnerabilities are discovered in many different ways. There are 3rd party security teams that test for vulnerabilities, then inform the developers of said hardware/software/OS of such problems
through private communication. Unfortunately this information can be leaked, and in the wrong hands, hackers will hit anything and everything to find systems with such vulnerabilities – this is what happened to Equifax. Vulnerabilities are also found by the developers, either
through in house testing or
through error reporting. And of course, vulnerabilities are found by clever hackers.
No OS is void of vulnerabilities. Hundreds are found per OS, per year. Vulnerabilities are set into specific classifications, DOS, Code Execution, Bypass, Privilege Gain etc. And are ranked from 1 to 10, 1 being very low, and 10 being an extreme threat. The severity of the vulnerabilities will determine how quickly they are patched or corrected. Low risk vulnerabilities are usually patched with scheduled updates. High risk vulnerabilities are patched immediately. A vulnerability does not necessarily mean someone can hijack your PC – it could prevent memory leaks, poorly coded apps from corrupting files of just fixing bad coding within the OS thus preventing crashes. Given the complexity of these machines, the list is pretty much endless.
A virus checker will take care of Malware, it will not take care of vulnerabilities.
Windows does not break apps or drivers with updates. Apps and drivers become (in some cases) incompatible due to certain updates. It is the responsibility of the developers of said apps/drivers to ensure their software is complaint. The update may in fact be preventing said incompatible app/driver from exploiting a vulnerability such as a memory leak.
I’ve been involved with vulnerability management, and have seen a good deal of exploits. And being within the industry, heard some pretty horrific (although clever) stories. Such as personal computers being hijacked and used to attack enterprise networks. No one is safe, but keeping your OS up to date you are reducing risk.