There are hairlike or fingerlike projectiles lining the lungs which removes dust, dirt, allergins, and other foreign materials via mucus. The cilia moves foreign materials via the mucus much like fans at a football game perform "the wave".
The human body is rather ingenious in removing foreign material. If you get a splinter in your skin, it will be recognized as a foreign body and either work its way to the skin surface, or the body will wall it off and the immune system begins to destroy it with white blood cells and antibodies.
The one substance the lungs has trouble removing is the tars that accumulate from smoking. Hence the pics you've seen of "black lung".
I studied physiology and medical sciences; I'm a retired physician assistant.
View attachment 785777
View attachment 785779
There are some available, but science demands "long term" studies (10 years) for validation.
vaping is a relatively new phenomenon.
CASAA Consumer Advocates for Smoke-Free Alternatives Association should have some of the better studies on their website. Great Britain has the best studies so far.
The earliest studies (circa 2009) were sponsored by Big tobacco and Big Pharma, so the results were skewed for their personal/financial agenda. Those have since been debunked as junk science, but the propaganda they generated remains on social media and the news.