Atty's often come with a plastic cover on them that has a teeny tiny hole. Sometimes it is brown (filter color) and sometimes it is black. I think most people just take them off and toss them. Vapage's usually come with a little whitish rubbery condom or 2.
Sorry, that's the coined name around these parts.
A drip tip is most likely that black sort of plastic feeling shaped piece that fits into the atty and what you put in your mouth to draw the vapor. Mouthpiece would probably be a more descriptive word. They can be bought tons of places and come in all kinds of colors, materials, price ranges and even some unique shapes.
Take your time, and investigate a bit. There is an overload of info here on ECF and it can be hard to wade through info.
The atty's from BWB are most likely JoyE's. BWB is a great vendor and has a very good reputation. Great e-liquid. I don't know the best priced place for 510 atty's right now.....I bought a supply
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LR and SR and HR -- Low Resistance, Standard Resistance and High Resistance. LR is an atty with an ohm resistance of 2.0 or below. Most sold as LR are 1.5. Most vendors now will sell atty's with specific ohm's references. The lower the ohm the hotter the vape. I think it's best to start out higher than that (especially if you have been used to a mini-ecig as they are often in the 2.8-3.0 range) and then try the other ranges. Standard Resistance -- which is 2.2-2.5 ohms, if not further delineated, is a good place to start.
I haven't read it recently, but before the forum pages ECF has a guide which might be useful.
The best way to know if an atty is dead for sure is to get a cheap multimeter. Search and find the video's on how to use it to test attys and batteries. And then, test the atty. A multimeter (for about $7 at Harbor Freight and battery vendors often have them for 15-20) is something every advanced vapor should own.
I'll let someone else tackle the bridgeless question. Some say the Vapage Hybrid is bridgeless. There are others....but I'm not familiar with them.
Most of all -- Have fun with it, somehow. Vaping really enabled me to get off the "analogs" and I recommend it highly.