Let me preface my answers by saying that I don't own a Juul, or any of the pod mods. My answers will come from what I have picked up from random readings here on ECF.
The Juul is one of the new category of vaping devices called
"pod mods". I'd place them somewhere between a cigalike and an eGo battery device in the vaping chain. They have been designed primarily for a new vaper or someone hoping to transition from smoking to vaping. Designed to be relatively "plug and play" easy and convenient. Often, that convenience comes with a price of being more expensive to use over the long haul than more advanced popular setups. But hey, if it helps get a previous smoker off of cigarettes who can argue about that?
In general, pod mods use a built-in, non-replaceable, rechargeable LiPo battery. Battery capacity is much like an Ego battery, from 250 - 500 mAh. E-liquid is contained in a cartridge or pod; these come with the heating coil and flavored e-liquid. These cartridges can be easily removed/replaced when necessary. Some devices use only pre-filled cartridges and prohibit the user from refilling with their own e-liquid, while other devices are designed to allow the user to refill with their favorite e-liquid.
Which pod systems allow you to add your own e-liquid?
These devices have a MTL (mouth-to-lung) draw. They generally use
nicotine salts as the e-liquid, which allegedly have a "smoother" vaping experience and have a much higher nicotine concentration than our typical e-liquid. Someone more familiar with nic salts can explain in more detail as I've never used them.
There is a sub-forum here on ECF for the pod systems:
Vape Pod Systems