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Identification of Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles in Electronic Cigarette Fluid and Aerosol. M. T. Williams1, A. Villarreal1, K. Bozhilov2, S. Lin1 and P. Talbot1.
1Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; 2Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA. Electronic cigarettes (EC) deliver aerosol by heating fluid containing nicotine, flavorings, and a humectant. EC cartomizers combine the fluid chamber and heating element in a single unit. Because EC do not burn tobacco, they may be safer than conventional cigarettes. Their use is rapidly increasing worldwide with little prior testing of their aerosol.
We hypothesized that EC aerosol contains metals derived from the various components. Cartomizer contents and aerosols were analyzed using microscopy, cytotoxicity testing, x-ray microanalysis, particle counting, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.
OOHHAAA fancy
A nickel-chromium filament was coupled to a thicker silver coated copper wire. The silver coating was sometimes missing.
That happens when you work wire, the missing bits are probably on the floor of some factory.
Four tin solder joints attached the wires to each other and coupled the copper/silver wire to the air tube and mouthpiece. All cartomizers had evidence of use before packaging (burn spots on the fibers and electrophoretic movement of fluid in the fibers). Fibers in two cartomizers had green deposits that contained copper.
Oh No... not copper. "Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract." source: http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/05430.htm
Centrifugation of the fibers produced large pellets containing tin.
So???
Tin particles and tin whiskers were identified in cartridge fluid and outer fibers. Cartomizer fluid with tin particles was cytotoxic in assays using human pulmonary fibroblasts.
Cytotoxic??? not likely
Tin:
Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.
Effects of overexposure, Acute and Chronic: No effects expected to skin. May cause mechanical abraision to eyes. Prolonged inhalation of dust or fume may result in a benign pneumoconiosis, producing distinctive changes in the lungs with no apparent disability or complications.
Source: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/sn-mossy.htm
Benign Pneumoconiosis:
CAUSE
Benign Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust can be ferrous metal, silver / tin and barium.
Siderosis occur as a result of inhalation of iron oxide, barium baritosis due to inhalation and suctioning stannosis occurred because the elements of silver. Iron dust exposure occurred in the mining, milling and cutting metals.
Inhalation of dust iron, silver and barium, lead to changes in lung structure that is very light so that only cause few symptoms. But the reaction network can be seen on chest x-rays as a large number of small areas of opaque.
During the process of inspiration (breathing air), airborne dust particles that have diameters of more than 10 mm, filtered by the nose hairs. Other dust particles, which enter through the mouth, is stored in the upper respiratory tract.
Dust particles with a diameter of 5-10 mm, are likely to be living in the mucus surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles, then swept toward the throat by a delicate hairs (cilia). They are coughed from the throat or thrown away, but some of them have swallowed. Particle diameter of less than 5 mm, more easily reach the lung tissue.
SYMPTOMS
Although the dust from the metal chest was clear on the photo, but did not cause much reaction in the lungs so that no symptoms or impaired lung function.
TREATMENT
Because no symptoms develop, then no special treatment.
Source: Benign Pneumoconiosis | anmedicaldisease.com
The aerosol contained particles >1μm comprised of tin, silver, iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicate and nanoparticles (< 100 nm) of tin, chromium, and nickel.
Ok, what's left. aluminum, chromium, nickel and silicate.
Aluminum: Dust can cause irritation of the resperatory tract
Source: http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/environment/msds_view.asp?LoadMSDS=199691
They know a thing or two about aluminum.
Chromium: Inhalation: Irritation
Source: http://www.laddresearch.com/wsmsds/30500msds.pdf
Nickel: another irritant, couldn't find anything definitive. Found a bunch of maybe's
Silicate: Definition: A salt or ester derived from a silicic acid; especially : any of numerous insoluble often complex metal salts that contain silicon and oxygen in the anion, constitute the largest class of minerals, and are used in building materials (as cement, bricks, and glass)
???? Which silicate are they referring to ????
My guess: Amorphous silica (wick): Epidemiological studies do not support the hypothesis that amorphous silicas have any relevant potential to induce fibrosis in workers with high occupational exposure to these substances,
Source:Health hazards due to the inhalation of amorpho... [Arch Toxicol. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI
Of 22 elements identified, 12 were present in concentrations higher than the minimum risk level.
Really? How did they figure this out. There are no MRL's for metals in liquid to be vaporized and inhaled. (ask me how I know)
Many of the elements identified in EC aerosol are known to cause respiratory distress
true in high concentrations and disease.
B.S.
The presence of metal and silicate particles in cartomizer aerosol, often above minimal risk levels, demonstrates the need for improved quality control in EC design and manufacture and studies on how EC aerosol impacts the health of users and bystanders.
I think I've covered this... wait, Bystanders????? The concentrations possible are so low... now I'm mad!!!