from this article,
A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents
Shorter version, the actual testing for carbonyl products like formaldehyde and Acrolein were conducted in a previously tested system that works. The findings from the study, however, do not at this point establish that the use of TC will avoid the temperatures reported as necessary to see these breakdown products.
Hence page ~75 on this very topic by now.
Device-independent .. looking at gasoline without the motor.
Yet, the same gasoline gets me very different mileage depending on the make of engine I pour it into...
Device-independent .. that contraption they've built for measuring all that stuff IS a device in itself...
Been shoveling toxic garbage into my system for decades at 2 pad, so Leidenfrost, Brown or whoever else did some learned work on all the physics about liquid turning into vapor still have to get past the fact that I likes it ( vaping) and my meatsack appreciates the drastically reduced intake of garbage (healthier).
All we want is to transfer sufficient energy to a liquid to overcome the surface tension/cohesive forces/whatever to make a foine vape.
Currently it's best achieved with what we've got - heat. Maybe technological advances are going to come up with another way while keeping it portable and affordable.
Meanwhile, I could just pour my nic and my flavours in water and use one of these ugly-a-f-looking medical nebulizers at home. I could also up the water content of my juices ( further harm reduction ) till they barely hold in the atty without leaking all over.
Or I could go on vaping. With all the risks and benefits that come with it.
Just like others like to go biking, hiking, parachuting, or trying close-up pics of a starving gator...