Poisonings attributed to DEG
DEG has been involved in numerous cases of poisonings, both by accidental and deliberate introduction of the compound into medicines, food products and toothpaste. The earliest example of mass poisoning was the 1937
Elixir Sulfanilamide incident in the USA.
[4][5] 107 people died after they ingested
sulfanilamide dissolved in diethylene glycol.
[6] This episode was the impetus for the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.
[7]
In recent years, deaths from medicines adulterated with diethylene glycol have been reported from
South Africa,
India,
Nigeria,
Argentina,
Haiti,
[8] Bangladesh[9] and
Panama.
[10] In Haiti in 1996, 85 children died due to
glycerine contaminated with diethylene glycol in a
paracetamol syrup produced by Pharval Laboratories, a Haitian company, which did not use standard quality assurance procedures to verify the purity of the glycerine. The glycerine supplied by a
Dutch company, Vos, from a
manufacturer in
China, but the point of contamination with DEG was never determined. In Bangladesh in 1990, 339 children developed kidney failure, and most of them died, after being given
paracetamol (acetaminophen) syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol. In October 2006 the
CDC and the Ministry of Health of
Panama detected toxic levels of diethylene glycol in a sugarless liquid
expectorant during an investigation of 46 deaths from a
syndrome characterized by
gastrointestinal symptoms,
renal failure and
paralysis. Almost all the victims were
hypertension and
diabetes patients in their 40s to 80s. The source of the contamination was found to be the Taixing Glycerine Factory, a Chinese company in Hengxiang, China. Taixing Glycerine sold diethylene glycol labeled as TD glycerine, which is an industrial name,
through the state-owned Chinese trading company CNSC Fortune Way, based in Beijing. A Spanish middleman ordered these as TD glycerine, but when filled the custom declaration the name was changed to glycerine.
[11][12] A government agency in Panama purchased the falsely labeled product containing diethylene glycol and incorporated it into 260,000 bottles of cold medicine.
[13] The United States Food and Drug Administration issued an Industry Guidance Document highlighting appropriate testing procedures for use of glycerin in response to product contamination and misrepresentation.
[14]
In May 2007, a Panamanian named
Eduardo Arias discovered that toothpaste sold in his country was labeled as containing DEG, the same ingredient that had tainted cough syrup and killed 138 Panamanians in 2006. Panamanian officials discovered that the toothpaste had come from China and initiated a global response.
[15][16][17] Also in May 2007 the same toothpaste was found in some Costa Rican stores. Fast action by the Ministry of Health, and notification
through the media, prevented poisonings due to this product. This event was linked to the death sentence of a former pharmaceuticals control officer in China, as the Costa Rican newspaper La Nación reported on its issue of May 30th.
[18] On June 4, 2007, a press release by the Chinese Foreign Ministry
[19] cited an earlier study in China
[20] which concluded that up to 15.6% diethylene glycol in toothpaste is safe. In June 2007, counterfeit
Colgate toothpaste imported from China was found to be contaminated with DEG, and several people in eastern US reported experiencing headaches and pain after using the product.
[21]. The same occurred in Spain with a false Colgate toothpaste, which contained 6% DEG. The tainted products could be identified by the claim to be manufactured in South Africa by Colgate-Palmolive South Africa LTD; they were 5oz/100ml tubes (a size which Colgate does not sell in the United States) and their packaging contained numerous misspellings on the labels. Colgate-Palmolive claimed that it does not import their products from South Africa into the United States or Canada and that DEG is never and was never used in any of its products anywhere in the world. These counterfeit products were found in smaller
mom and pop stores, dollar stores and discount stores in at least four states.
[22] In July 2007, diethylene glycol was found in counterfeit Sensodyne toothpaste, on sale at a car boot sale in Derbyshire, England,
[23] and by February 2009, 84 Nigerian children were reported to have died after being given "My Pikin", a teething syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol.
[24]
The other take on this is that the FDA are damn right to expose and publicise the potential dangers, particularly when DEG is involved and particularly as China has some bad history with DEG.
What suppliers need to do is either have liquids tested themselves or insist on batch testing from their manufacturers/main suppliers. They have a duty to do that. Customers must insist on seeing evidence of conformity and if a supplier cannot provide it then they should not be in business.
That is what the FDA will regulate on in order to avoid situations described above, although they cannot completely eliminate criminal activity.
It is absolutely no use us saying that 'it's only a tiny' amount and that it is within 'acceptable levels', or that cigarettes are for more dangerous, that type of rhetoric has already worn thin.
Any person of average intelligence would point out, "If they can get a tiny amount mixed in there then what's to stop them putting in a lethal dose?".
If I read that my toothpaste contained DEG I would not buy that brand ever again and I would hold the company and regulatory body responsible.
We have to adopt the 'what if' approach and err on the side of caution.
'Clean liquids' are a pre-requisite for any kind of FDA registration and that is what they need to be bombarded with.
They have been 'naughty' in stating that electronic cigarettes contain these substances, rather than clarifying that it is the liquids that have been found to contain it. But, the mud has been thrown and we have to try and clean it up!
John.